With the recent legalization of marijuana in Colorado and Washington, and expansion of decriminalization, marijuana use is become more accepted and more open than ever. The legalization trend will continue nationwide, including possibly here in Massachusetts, where legalization is likely to be on the ballot in 2016.
Smoking marijuana openly and legally is likely to increase, which could lead to more incidents of arrests for driving under the influence of marijuana. Are lawyers ready for the new legal and scientific challenges that will be necessary to defend these cases?
DUI and Measuring Intoxication Under The Law
Under the laws of every state, driving while intoxicated by drugs is already illegal. Impairment is determined by the same standardized field sobriety tests used in DUI alcohol cases. And in court, police officer testimony as to the defendant’s appearance and driving prior to being stopped is used as evidence. Observational evidence that police typically note is include being unsteady on one’s feet, and glassy eyes.
But there is no equivalent of the breath test machine for marijuana, a test that police can use at the station to establish an objective measurement that would suggest intoxication. A breath test machine measures breath alcohol that is comparable to blood alcohol levels, of which the nationwide standard established by the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) for alcohol intoxication is .08% Blood Alcohol Content (BAC).
Though the alcohol breathalyzer tests purport to measure the actual alcohol in the bloodstream, a breath test is not the same. It measures breath alcohol (BrAC) alveoli of the lungs, and estimates a mathematical approximation to the actual level of alcohol in the bloodstream. The scientific basis for that formula has substantial flaws, as any experienced DUI defense attorney will tell you.
And the science for measuring marijuana impairment is substantially worse. Measuring active THC in the bloodstream has not been tested by any credible scientific organization to correlate strongly with impairment. And there are serious constitutionally issues with the method of extracting this evidence in the first place, namely a highly invasive forced blood draw.
The 5 Nanogram of THC Standard
Washington State, as part of the initiative that legalized recreational marijuana use, also passed a per se marijuana intoxication standard of 5 nanograms of THC in the bloodstream, the active ingredient in marijuana, that would effectively establish evidence of guilt in a DUI-marijuana case.
However, this standard is highly controversial. The state of Colorado, which also legalized marijuana explicitly rejected any per se marijuana intoxication standard based on the questionable science.
Other states like Ohio, Nevada, and Pennsylvania are even worse, with essentially a zero tolerance policy for any marijuana consumption while driving.
The science is at issue. NHTSA itself has essentially agreed that there is no way to tell “how much” is too much in most people. From their own scientific study:
“It is difficult to establish a relationship between a person’s THC blood or plasma concentration and performance impairing effects. Concentrations of parent drug and metabolite are very dependent on pattern of use as well as dose.”
And the levels will be different minute to minute, highest as you are smoking and they go down over time. But prior use could come into effect because if you smoke a lot it stays in your system. And the forensic tools for establishing the difference between active THC suggesting intoxication and prior marijuana use are still in doubt.
Forced Blood Draws
In addition to the highly questionable science or measuring marijuana intoxication, there are serious questions about how law enforcement will extract evidence.
Currently, the only way to determine levels of THC in the bloodstream is by actually drawing blood. There is no THC “breath test”, or any equivalent non-invasive way to measure THC levels in the body.
The US Supreme Court has an active case where it will determine the constitutionality of forcing a defendant to provide a blood sample.
DUI Drugs Legal Defense
My office already handles quite a few DUI Drugs cases of all types, and we expect that number to only increase. In Massachusetts, there is no per se standard for marijuana intoxication, so cases are determined based largely on 1) the Commonwealth establishing that any substance is listed as illegal to drive with taking, and 2) field sobriety tests that suggest impairment.
But that could change. It is very possible that these cases could both become more frequent and more complicated, so attorneys will have to be ready.
Steven V. Schuster February 9, 2013 at 1:24 pm
In New Jersey it has been around a long time. The problem up until now has been how do you test for the presence of Marijuana and what is the standard for being under the influence. There is no number such as .08 for driving under the influence of alcohol.
admin February 11, 2013 at 11:02 am
Yes, so many interesting legal issues in this evolving legal area. Proving impairment is one. The 5 ng of active THC standard that some states are trying is scientifically nonsensical, and the means to gather that evidence, blood draws, has obvious Constitutional issues.
Thanks for commenting!